Worth noting that Meds can cause renal toxicity via multiple paths. e.g. NSAIDs can cause Interstitial neprhritis and contribute to pre-renal injury (decreased PGs--> decreased afferent dilation, in particular if hypovolemic)
Risk Factors
Chronic kidney disease
Hypovolemia and/or hypo-perfusion
Exposure to multiple toxins at same time
Age > 60, DM, CHF, concurrent severe illness (e.g. sepsis)
Symptoms
Decreased urine output, fatigue, SOB (volume overload)
Symptoms vary significantly - sometimes only detected on lab testing
Physical Exam Findings
Sometimes tachycardia, hypotension, hypoxemia --> varies based on degree of AKI, other co-existent problems