- Hypertension (typically longstanding)
- ETOH abuse or withdrawal
- Stimulant abuse→ e.g. cocaine, meth, other
- Cardiac disease: CHF, pericarditis, myocarditis, valvular heart dz
- Systemic illness: acute pulmonary embolism, systemic infxn, COPD exacerbation, hypoxemia, anemia, post-operative stress, hyperthyroidism, sleep apnea, other
- Risk of stroke over 1y can be assessed w/CHADS2-VASc score, risk of bleeding w/HAS BLED score
- Irreg irreg rhythm
- Wide range in rate-->100-220, varying based on AV node conduction